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SUPERBUGS and how they emerge!

“Superbugs” refers to those strains of bacteria which have become resistant to most of the antibiotics, available at present. Merriam Webster dictionary defines a Superbug as “a pathogenic microorganism and especially a bacterium that has developed resistance to the medications normally used against it”.

The superbugs cause many dangerous infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections and skin infections to name a few. As per WHO, in 2016, nearly 5 lac people developed multi-drug resistant TB globally.

Superbugs with antibiotic resistance are a threat to the healthcare industry because the drugs become ineffective and the infection persists in the body, with increased chances to spread to others. This is due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. With the absence of effective antibiotics, success rates of the major surgeries may also be compromised.

The superbugs have been classified based on the risk factor, in a report released by the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, “Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Some common superbugs include MRSA, ESBL, VRE, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, Campylobacter, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some strains of Candida & Salmonella (as described in our last blog “VELVERT ^TM: Herbal Antimicrobial Barrier Dressing”).

The published CDC report also mentions those superbug strains that have the potential to become resistant in the future. These include:

Aspergillus fumigatus
Mycoplasma genitalium
Bordetella pertussis

Do you know that most of the doctors use carbapenem antibiotics to treat severe and other high-risk bacterial infections? Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriaceae are those bacteria that have developed resistance to even carbapenems.

Few strains of bacteria have even developed resistance to sanitizers, such as the alcohol-based disinfectants that many hospitals use. As per a report “Increasing tolerance of hospital Enterococcus faecium to handwash alcohols” published in the Science Translational Medicine 01 Aug 2018”, the strains of E. faecium isolated after 2010 were found to be 10 times more tolerant to alcohol disinfectants than their older isolates.

Symptoms

There are no special symptoms of infections caused by superbugs. However, the infection doesn’t respond well to the treatment and if the symptoms get worse may indicate a superbug infection.

How can we prevent the evolution of these superbugs?

It is well understood that superbugs emerge whenever there is a misuse of antibiotics; people living or working in unhygienic/ unsanitary conditions or having poor infection prevention and control practices.

The emergence of superbugs may be avoided by preventing antibiotic resistance. This can be done either by using antibiotics only when needed or as prescribed by the physician; or by completing the therapy course even if the symptoms vanish or you feel better, and by not sharing your antibiotics with others or by never using the leftover prescribed drugs.

A case of a novel Coronavirus:

Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a new virus first identified in China. The virus is responsible for causing respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).

There is not much known about this novel virus but it appears to be spreading from person-to-person by respiratory droplets when someone coughs or sneezes. Symptoms can be mild to severe and include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. They may appear two to 14 days after exposure to the virus.

WHO and CDC recommend taking the following precautionary measures to help prevent the spread of respiratory viruses:

Washing hands regularly or sanitizing them.
Covering mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unclean hands.
Avoiding direct contact with sick persons.
Maintaining cleanliness.
Staying home, if sick.

We, Datt Mediproducts, understand that prevention is better than cure and is one of the most crucial ways to fight superbugs. Practicing safe hygienic methods, washing hands-on regular intervals, practicing safe sex and following safe cooking methods can help prevent infections.

We also recommend eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, exercising and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to boost your immunity.

Above all DO NOT MISUSE ANTIBIOTICS because there are not any new antibiotics in the pipeline and we rely on antibiotics to deliver modern health care.

Don’t Misuse Antibiotics & Keep away from Superbugs

Visit www.dattmedi.com for more infomation.

Avoiding movement because of mild arthritis or knee strain usually backfires — it leads to more stiffness, not less. The safer path is choosing joint-friendly, low-impact activity and adding support where it genuinely helps.

Many people assume rest is always the right answer for joint pain. But joints depend on regular movement to stay flexible and well-lubricated. Inactivity tends to weaken the surrounding muscles, which puts more pressure on the joint itself — not less.

This blog breaks down what actually helps, what to avoid, and how to build a routine that keeps you moving safely.

Rest vs Movement: What Is Actually Different?

Both approaches feel intuitive when a joint hurts, but they lead to very different long-term outcomes. The key difference is what each one does to the muscles and tissue surrounding the knee over time.

Factor	Prolonged Rest	Gentle, Regular Movement
Effect on stiffness	Increases stiffness over time	Reduces stiffness after periods of rest
Effect on muscle strength	Weakens supporting muscles	Strengthens muscles that support the knee
Effect on joint lubrication	Reduces natural lubrication	Keeps the joint lubricated
Effect on pressure through the joint	Indirectly increases pressure (via weaker muscles)	Reduces pressure by sharing load with stronger muscles

Prolonged rest may be appropriate during acute flare-ups or when recommended as part of clinician-directed recovery. For day-to-day management of mild arthritis or knee strain, gentle, regular movement is generally more suitable.

However, both approaches can have drawbacks when overdone. Too much rest can contribute to long-term mobility loss, and on the other hand exercising at too high an intensity that the body is not ready for can aggravate pain.

Why Movement Matters for Joint Health

Gentle, regular movement keeps the joint lubricated, keeps the muscles around it strong, and actually reduces stiffness — the opposite of what many people expect.

Gentle, regular movement can help:

Improve joint flexibility
Strengthen the muscles that support the knee
Reduce stiffness after periods of rest
Support overall mobility

Low-Impact Exercises That Are Easier on the Knees

Which to Choose

Walking, swimming, and cycling are the three most commonly recommended options because they build strength and mobility without the sudden impact that aggravates joint pain.

Activity	Impact Level	Best For	Key Benefit
Walking	Low	Daily movement, circulation, beginners	Simple, accessible, supports circulation without jarring the joint
Swimming / water aerobics	Very low	Significant pain, higher body weight, flare-ups	Water supports body weight, letting you move with far less strain
Cycling (stationary or smooth terrain)	Low	Building quadriceps and hamstring strength	Controlled, repetitive motion strengthens muscles without impact

Walking
On flat, stable surfaces, walking is one of the simplest ways to stay active and supports circulation in the legs without jarring the joint.

Swimming or water exercise
Water supports your body weight, so swimming and water aerobics let you move comfortably with far less strain on the knees than land-based exercise.

Cycling
A stationary bike or smooth terrain lets you strengthen the muscles around the knee through controlled, repetitive motion, without impact.

Do Knee Supports Actually Help During Activity?

Yes, as an aid; not a replacement for strengthening.
Knee sleeves and braces add mild compression and stability,
which can make movement feel safer and more comfortable, especially early on.

Supports may help by:

Providing mild compression around the joint Adding extra stability during movement Increasing confidence while walking or exercising. Options like Knee Cap® or Knee Cap Classic® offer light, breathable compression suited for daily activity.

However, knee supports should not become a long-term substitute for strengthening the muscles around the joint. Over-reliance on external supports may reduce how much the muscles have to work, which can contribute to weakness over time. As strength and stability improve, it may be appropriate to reduce or stop using the support, depending on individual needs and professional guidance.

Strengthening the Muscles Around the Knee

Stronger muscles around the knee take pressure off the joint itself. This is one of the most effective long-term ways to reduce strain, more so than rest alone.

After getting professional guidance, useful exercises often include:

Gentle resistance exercises for the quadriceps Light hamstring strengthening Controlled stretching for flexibility
If you’re recovering from an actual strain rather than general stiffness, the difference in approach matters.
Related reading: Muscle Strains: Causes and Effective Recovery Strategies
Arthritis specifically carries its own considerations for compression and activity level.

Lifestyle Habits That Support Joint Health

Body weight, footwear, and seating all affect how much daily pressure lands on your knees — small adjustments here reduce strain without any exercise involved.

Helpful adjustments:

Maintaining a healthy body weight
Wearing supportive footwear
Choosing chairs with proper back and leg support
Pacing activity and taking breaks when needed

For added support during activity, compression bandages are sometimes used to manage strain, and tapes and adhesive supports can help with dressing security if there's any accompanying skin sensitivity or minor injury.

When to Scale Back and Check In With a Professional

Movement should feel manageable, not punishing. Some signals mean it’s time to pause and get guidance rather than push through.
Pain increases noticeably during or after activity
Swelling develops or worsens
Movement becomes noticeably more difficult than usual
The knee feels unstable or gives way

Physiotherapists can build a personalised activity plan that supports recovery without overloading the joint.

Staying Active Safely

Staying active with mild arthritis or knee strain isn’t about avoiding movement, it’s about choosing the right kind. Low-impact exercise, appropriate support, and a few lifestyle adjustments let most people keep moving comfortably while protecting long-term joint health.

Unilateral leg swelling due to circulation issue

Some swelling in both legs after a long day of standing or sitting is common and usually nothing to worry about. But when one leg is noticeably more swollen than the other, it’s worth understanding why — and knowing when it’s a signal to see a doctor rather than just rest and elevate.

Common Reasons One Leg May Swell More Than the Other

One-sided leg swelling can have several causes, ranging from prolonged standing or reduced movement to conditions such as chronic venous insufficiency, lymphedema, infection, or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Sudden or unexplained swelling should be medically evaluated, particularly when it is accompanied by pain, warmth, redness, or other concerning symptoms.

1. Impaired Circulation

When the veins in one leg are less efficient at moving blood back toward the heart, fluid collects in that leg’s tissue — this shows up as more noticeable swelling on that side.

Conditions that can cause this imbalance include:

Varicose veins
Chronic venous insufficiency
Reduced muscle activity in one leg
Weak calf muscle pump function
Lymphedema

If you're on your feet for long stretches, our guide on why prolonged standing causes leg swelling explains the exact mechanism — and what actually helps. For a deeper look at circulation and healing, see compression therapy and wound healing.

2. Postural Habits

Consistently favoring one leg — standing with weight shifted to one side, sitting cross-legged, or always sleeping on the same side — can slow circulation on that one side over time & cause mild swelling in one leg or ankle. However persistent swelling should be evaluated by a medical professional.

Small daily patterns that contribute:

Standing with weight shifted onto one leg
Sitting cross-legged for extended periods
Sleeping consistently on one side

Staying mobile and, where appropriate, using compression bandages can help counter this.

3. Past Injury or Surgery

Scar tissue or structural changes from a past injury, surgery, or procedure involving lymph nodes can reduce normal fluid drainage in that limb — making it swell more easily than the other.

Examples include:

Fractures or ligament injuries
Knee, hip, or ankle surgery
Medical procedures involving lymph nodes

If lymphatic drainage is part of what you’re managing, our guide on lymphedema care and management covers this in depth. Recovery-stage support from the orthopedic products range may also help during this period.

4. Reduced movement or muscle activity

When one leg is less active than the other, the muscles in that leg may not contract as frequently. Normally, muscle contractions especially in the calf — help push blood and fluid back toward the heart. If movement is reduced because of pain, weakness, limited mobility, prolonged sitting, or favoring one leg, this muscle-pump action can become less effective, allowing fluid to accumulate in the tissues and making the leg appear more swollen.

Reduced movement can occur after an injury or surgery, or when someone has difficulty walking normally. In these situations, swelling may be temporary. However, persistent, significant, or sudden one-sided swelling should not automatically be attributed to inactivity, as other causes such as a blood clot or infection may need to be ruled out.

5. Medical Conditions That Can Cause One-Sided Swelling

Uneven leg swelling can also be caused by several medical conditions that affect the lymphatic system, veins, or tissues of the leg.

Some important possibilities include:

Lymphedema:
This occurs when the lymphatic system cannot drain fluid effectively, causing fluid to build up in the tissues. It can affect one leg or both and may cause persistent swelling, heaviness, tightness, or thickening of the skin.
Infection or inflammation:
An infection such as cellulitis can cause localized swelling along with redness, warmth, tenderness, and sometimes fever. Inflammation from an injury or another underlying condition can also cause swelling in one leg.
Chronic venous insufficiency:
When the veins have difficulty returning blood from the legs to the heart, blood can pool in the lower leg. This may cause swelling, heaviness, aching, skin discoloration, or changes around the ankles. Symptoms may become more noticeable after prolonged standing or sitting.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT):
A DVT is a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg. It can cause sudden or new swelling in one leg, sometimes accompanied by pain, tenderness, warmth, or redness. DVT is important to recognize because a clot can potentially travel to the lungs and cause a pulmonary embolism.

When Uneven Leg Swelling Needs Medical Attention

Occasional mild swelling after a long day is usually fine. Get it checked promptly if the swelling is sudden, painful, or comes with redness, warmth, or breathing symptoms — these can indicate a blood clot or other condition needing urgent care.

See a doctor or other healthcare professional if the swelling is:

Sudden and painful
Accompanied by redness or warmth
Associated with tenderness in the leg
Linked to shortness of breath or chest discomfort
Worsening over time or not improving with rest and elevation
Skin changed or unexplained discomfort.

If you experience shortness of breath or chest pain alongside sudden leg swelling, treat it as an emergency and seek immediate medical care — this combination can indicate a blood clot that has traveled to the lungs.

Managing Mild Leg Swelling

For swelling linked to circulation or posture rather than injury, movement, elevation, and — where appropriate — graduated compression are the most effective everyday tools.

Helpful daily practices:

Elevating the legs during rest
Moving regularly after long periods of sitting or standing
Gentle leg exercises to activate calf muscles
Wearing supportive footwear

Many people managing varicose veins or mild venous insufficiency use the Velcare® Varicose Vein Compression Stockings for daily graduated compression. If you’re considering compression support, correct sizing matters — see our guide on measuring and fitting compression garments correctly to get the fit right the first time. Our comparison of compression bandages vs. compression stockings can also help you decide which is right for your situation.

Our comparison of compression bandages vs. compression stockings can also help you understand which option may be appropriate for different situations.

Supporting Healthy Circulation

Mild, occasional asymmetrical swelling isn’t unusual — but persistent one-sided swelling should always be assessed by a healthcare professional to rule out more serious causes. Paying attention to posture, movement, and circulation day to day goes a long way toward keeping both legs comfortable.